Israel’ (more or less, in fact, what Sanders meant when he coined the inelegant phrase ‘covenantal nomism’ to describe this Jewish attitude). However, as we have already noted, second-Temple Judaism was split into various factions, each claiming to have the proper understanding of the law and of its obligations (see on 2:15—‘sinners’). ‘Works of the law’, then, would probably reflect this factionalism and the common concern within second-Temple Judaism to draw the lines of demarcation round covenant